{"id":12214,"date":"2023-09-05T02:35:12","date_gmt":"2023-09-04T18:35:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/?p=12214"},"modified":"2024-08-06T02:17:13","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T02:17:13","slug":"why-do-we-need-routing-protocols","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/de\/support\/blogs\/why-do-we-need-routing-protocols\/","title":{"rendered":"Warum brauchen wir das Routing-Protokoll?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12214\" class=\"elementor elementor-12214\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302c3ff4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"302c3ff4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;,&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf0ec05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf0ec05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f15aa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15f15aa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 01-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Warum brauchen wir das Routing-Protokoll?<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cffbfdb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cffbfdb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61f94e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61f94e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 01-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Wie kommen die IP-Pakete, die wie Autos auf der Autobahn durch das Internet fahren, an ihr Ziel? Jeder ist mit Autos vertraut. Selbst wenn wir das Ziel nicht kennen, gibt es ein elektronisches Navigationsger\u00e4t, das uns zum Ziel f\u00fchren kann. Braucht das IP-Paket \u00e4hnliche Navigationsinformationen? Ja, in dem Moment, in dem IP-Pakete ins Internet gelangen, sind die Navigationsinformationen bereits unterwegs und warten in aller Ruhe auf die Ankunft der IP-Pakete. Auf jedem Router, der zum Ziel f\u00fchrt, k\u00f6nnen die Navigationsinformationen (Routing-Tabelle) nachgeschlagen werden, um den k\u00fcrzesten Weg zum Ziel zu ermitteln und Hop f\u00fcr Hop zu erreichen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e97deec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e97deec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 01-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/routing-1024x682.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-12218\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/routing-1024x682.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/routing-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/routing-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/routing-18x12.jpeg 18w, https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/routing.jpeg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd0467d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bd0467d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbc0833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbc0833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Was ist die Routing-Tabelle?<\/strong><\/p><p>Jetzt, wo Sie so weit gelesen haben, haben Sie sicher eine Frage: Wie wird die Routing-Tabelle eines jeden Routers erstellt? Ich werde diese Frage nicht zuerst beantworten, sondern sie anhand des elektronischen Navigators analysieren. Wenn Sie Zielinformationen eingeben, st\u00fctzt sich das elektronische Navigationssystem auf seine eigene Kartendatenbank, um die k\u00fcrzeste Route zu berechnen. Diese Kartendatenbank ist im Navigationssystem vorinstalliert, und Sie m\u00fcssen diese Kartendatenbank von Zeit zu Zeit aktualisieren, weil sich die Stra\u00dfen weltweit sehr schnell entwickeln, und wenn Sie sie nicht aktualisieren, kann sie Sie in Fl\u00fcsse oder ins Meer f\u00fchren ...<\/p><p>Wenn jeder Router \u00fcber Verbindungsinformationen \u00e4hnlich der Kartendatenbank verf\u00fcgt, kann er auch den k\u00fcrzesten Algorithmus f\u00fcr die Navigation verwenden. Ein Protokoll zum Austausch von Verbindungsinformationen zwischen den einzelnen Routern wird als Routing-Protokoll bezeichnet. Dieser Artikel soll Ihnen das sogenannte Routing-Protokoll n\u00e4her bringen. Bis jetzt sollten Sie verstehen, was Routing ist, aber was ist mit dem Protokoll? Das Protokoll legt fest, wie diese Verbindungsinformationen auszudr\u00fccken sind, wie viel es kostet, diese Verbindung zu passieren, und welche Knotenrouter sich an beiden Enden dieser Verbindung befinden. Mit diesen Informationen k\u00f6nnen die Router dynamisch eine Karte (topologisches Diagramm) des gesamten Netzes erstellen. F\u00fcr jedes Ziel wird dynamisch ein Routing-Eintrag nach dem Algorithmus des k\u00fcrzesten Weges erstellt und in eine Tabelle eingetragen, die wir Routing-Tabelle nennen.<\/p><p>Diejenigen, die mit Routing-Protokollen vertraut sind, k\u00f6nnen leicht vermuten, dass die Routing-Protokolle, \u00fcber die ich gesprochen habe, OSPF und IS-IS sind. Sie sind sich sehr \u00e4hnlich. Sie sind alle Link-State-Protokolle. Sie sammeln zun\u00e4chst Informationen \u00fcber die Verbindungen zwischen den Routern, z. B. die Kosten, die an beiden Enden angeschlossenen Knoten und die Art der Verbindungen, und f\u00fchren dann einen Algorithmus aus, der dem k\u00fcrzesten Weg \u00e4hnelt, um Routing-Tabelleninformationen zu erzeugen.<\/p><p><strong>Welches Routing-Protokoll ist zu w\u00e4hlen?<\/strong><\/p><p>So \u00e4hnlich, warum? ! Es handelt sich um zwei Vereinbarungen, die parallel von zwei verschiedenen Organisationen entwickelt wurden. Keiner hat einen absoluten Vorteil, um zu gewinnen, also soll der Markt sie testen! IS-IS hat mehr Vorteile in Bezug auf die Protokollentwicklung und Skalierbarkeit, und OSPF k\u00f6nnte an den Rand gedr\u00e4ngt werden.<\/p><p>Anstatt dar\u00fcber zu diskutieren, wer gewinnen wird, sollten wir uns heute die erste Frage stellen. Wenn OSPF und IS-IS auf demselben Router laufen und beide Routing-Tabellen f\u00fcr dasselbe Ziel erstellen (dieselbe Netzwerkadresse und dieselbe Netzwerkmaske), welche wird dann verwendet? Dies ist eine schwierige Priorit\u00e4tsentscheidung. Jeder Hersteller hat seine eigene Wahl. cisco verwendet einen Namen, der seltsam klingt: Administration Distance AD(Administration Distance), um die Priorit\u00e4ten der einzelnen Hersteller zu unterscheiden. Priorit\u00e4t 0 ist die h\u00f6chste Priorit\u00e4t, w\u00e4hrend Priorit\u00e4t 255 die niedrigste ist. OSPF hat standardm\u00e4\u00dfig das Priorit\u00e4tsbit 110, w\u00e4hrend IS-IS standardm\u00e4\u00dfig die Priorit\u00e4t 115 hat. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass die OSPF-Routing-Informationen den Vorzug erhalten. Ein Beispiel soll dies verdeutlichen:<\/p><p>OSPF-Route: 10.1.1.0\/24 next-hop a.a.a.a AD 110<\/p><p>IS-IS-Route: 10.1.1.0\/24 next-hop b.b.b.b AD 115<\/p><p>In der Routing-Tabelle wird dann Folgendes eingetragen:<\/p><p><strong>OSPF-Route: 10.1.1.0\/24 next-hop a.a.a.a AD 110<\/strong><\/p><p>Machen Sie sich keine Illusionen, dass OSPF eine hohe AD-Priorit\u00e4t und IS-IS eine niedrige AD-Priorit\u00e4t hat. Wenn OSPF und IS-IS gleichzeitig ausgef\u00fchrt werden, werden alle Routing-Eintr\u00e4ge von IS-IS nicht in die Routing-Tabelle aufgenommen. Dies ist falsch! Es ist zu beachten, dass nur \u00e4quivalente Routing-Eintr\u00e4ge die Priorit\u00e4t des AD-Wertes nutzen k\u00f6nnen, um zu entscheiden, ob sie bleiben oder nicht. Wenn es sich nicht um \u00e4quivalente Routing-Eintr\u00e4ge handelt, wird die Priorit\u00e4t von AD \u00fcberhaupt nicht verglichen.<\/p><p>Nat\u00fcrlich gibt es noch andere Protokolle, die um die Aufnahme in die Routing-Tabelle konkurrieren k\u00f6nnen: RIP(120), EIGRP(90), BGP (20,200), sowie die direkt verbundene Route (0) und die statische Route (1), mit ihrer AD-Priorit\u00e4t und externem BGP in Klammern.<\/p><p>20, und internes BGP ist 200. Die AD-Priorit\u00e4t der g\u00e4ngigen Routing-Protokolle ist derzeit wie folgt:<\/p><p>Direkte Route &gt; statische Route &gt; EBGP &gt; EIGRP &gt; OSPF &gt; ISIS &gt; RIP &gt; IBGP<\/p><p><strong>Welches ist der beste Next-Hop?<\/strong><\/p><p>Nachdem wir \u00fcber die Routing-Tabelle gesprochen haben, wollen wir uns nun damit befassen, wie IP-Pakete beim Router ankommen und wie man die Routing-Tabelle findet und die Navigationsaufgabe der IP-Pakete erledigt. Wie findet man den Next-Hop mit der h\u00f6chsten Effizienz und Genauigkeit?<br \/>Wenn die Routing-Tabelle die folgenden f\u00fcnf Eintr\u00e4ge hat und die Zieladresse des IP-Pakets 10.1.1.1 lautet, welchen Eintrag wird die Routing-Tabelle w\u00e4hlen? Nach der Longest-Prefix-Matching-Regel wird 10.1.1.1\/32 ausgew\u00e4hlt, da es sich um eine exakte \u00dcbereinstimmung handelt, d. h. um eine 32-Bit-\u00dcbereinstimmung.<br \/>Wenn die Zieladresse des IP-Pakets lautet: 10.1.1.100, wird 10.1.1.0\/24 ausgew\u00e4hlt, was die l\u00e4ngste \u00dcbereinstimmung ist und 24 Bits entspricht.<br \/>Wenn die Zieladresse des IP-Pakets lautet: 10.1.2.100, wird 10.1.0.0\/16 ausgew\u00e4hlt, was die l\u00e4ngste \u00dcbereinstimmung ist und 16 Bits entspricht.<br \/>Wenn die Zieladresse des IP-Pakets lautet: 10.2.1.100, wird 10.0.0\/8 ausgew\u00e4hlt, was die l\u00e4ngste \u00dcbereinstimmung mit 8 Bits darstellt.<br \/>Wenn die Zieladresse des IP-Pakets lautet: 192.168.1.1, wird 0.0.0\/0 ausgew\u00e4hlt, die Standardroute, die mit jeder IP-Zieladresse \u00fcbereinstimmen kann.<br \/>10.1.1.1\/32<br \/>10.1.1.0\/24<br \/>10.1.0.0\/16<br \/>10.0.0.0\/8<br \/>0.0.0.0\/0<br \/>Wir haben ein kurzes Verst\u00e4ndnis davon, was Routing-Protokoll, Routing-Protokoll AD und die l\u00e4ngste Prefix-Matching-Regel der Routing-Suche sind, und der n\u00e4chste Artikel wird das Link-State-Protokoll OSPF vorstellen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dc21528 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4dc21528\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;,&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c7efff0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c7efff0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac4d1fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ac4d1fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-687edd4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"687edd4e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:60,&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;sticky_offset_tablet&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_offset_mobile&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_parent&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64684b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"64684b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verwandte Blogs<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a756fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-ha-post-list happy-addon ha-post-list\" data-id=\"7a756fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ha-post-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ha-post-list-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"ha-post-list\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"ha-post-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/de\/support\/blogs\/what-is-ospf\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ha-post-list-icon\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hm hm-tb-post-content\"><\/i><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ha-post-list-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"ha-post-list-title\">Was ist Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"ha-post-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/de\/support\/blogs\/why-use-vrrp-technology\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ha-post-list-icon\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hm hm-tb-post-content\"><\/i><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ha-post-list-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"ha-post-list-title\">Warum die VRRP-Technologie?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"ha-post-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/de\/support\/blogs\/what-is-a-ping\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ha-post-list-icon\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hm hm-tb-post-content\"><\/i><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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href=\"https:\/\/www.inhand.com\/de\/support\/blogs\/traditional-vs-cloud-vpn\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ha-post-list-icon\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hm hm-tb-post-content\"><\/i><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ha-post-list-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"ha-post-list-title\">Traditionelles VPN vs. Cloud-basiertes VPN<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450778a1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"450778a1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;,&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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